Explain theConcept of Atypical Behaviour Essay Example

Explain theConcept of Atypical Behaviour Paper There is no single widely accepted definition of atypical behaviour. This is due to the fact that typical or normal behaviour varies within cultures. However, there are guidelines for diagnosing atypical behaviour, the most popular of which is DSMIV (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders), which is published by the American Psychiatric Association. It focuses on the individuals personal distress and suffering. Another classification method is the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) published by the World Health Organisation. It is an official system for coding known diseases into categories that can be identified at an international level. It defines atypical behaviour as the existence of a clinically recognisable set of symptoms or behaviour associated in most cases with distress and interference with personal functions. Michael Eysenck (2000) came to the conclusion that both DSM and ICD are reasonably reliable despite the fact that many of the symptoms listed are found in much of the population. A reliable diagnosis of atypical behaviour would look at impaired functioning in terms of expected behaviour in the particular context. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain theConcept of Atypical Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Explain theConcept of Atypical Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Explain theConcept of Atypical Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Depression is an example of atypical behaviour. It can be either unipolar (clinical) or bipolar (manic). Unipolar depression is characterised by feelings of sadness and a general withdrawal from other people. It varies from very mild to so severe that the person may be unable to feed or clothe themselves. Manic depression is categorised as a psychotic disorder and is characterised by mood swings between sever depression and mania. Symptoms of mania are delusions and hallucinations, also common to schizophrenia, another example of atypical behaviour. Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic disorders that are characterised by a loss of contact with reality. In effect, the personality loses its unity and certain aspects are heightened. Symptoms of schizophrenia are hallucinations, delusions, periods of disorganised thinking and speech problems. The biological model regards atypical behaviour as an illness or disease. The basic idea is that symptoms are caused either by genetics ie, inheriting faulty genes; anatomy, ie faults in the wiring in the brain; or physiology, ie chemical imbalances. Treatment for atypical behaviour is known as somatic, meaning that it is designed to redress a chemical imbalance. There are 3 main treatments; chemotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, or psychosurgery.  However, recently it has been brought up that the biological model is sometimes too heavily relied upon and more psychotherapy should be used.

Quotes From The Awakening, Kate Chopins Banned Novel

Quotes From 'The Awakening', Kate Chopin's Banned Novel Kate Chopins novel, The Awakening is the famous tale of Edna Pontellier, who leaves her family, commits adultery, and begins to rediscover her true selfas an artist. It is considered to be one of the most important early feminist texts. Here are a few famous quotations from the novel.   Mr. Pontellier wore eyeglasses. He was a man of forty, of medium height and rather a slender build; he stooped a little. His hair was brown and straight, parted on one side. His beard was neatly and closely trimmed.- Kate Chopin, The AwakeningYou are burnt beyond recognition, he added, looking at his wife as one looks at a valuable piece of personal property which has suffered some damage. She held up her hands, strong, shapely hands, and surveyed them critically, drawing up her fawn sleeves above the wrists.- Kate Chopin, The AwakeningHe reproached his wife with her inattention, her habitual neglect of the children. If it was not a mothers place to look after children, whose on earth was it?- Kate Chopin, The AwakeningThe mother-women seemed to prevail that summer at Grand Isle. It was easy to know them, fluttering about with extended, protecting wings when any harm, real or imaginary, threatened their precious brood. They were women who idolized their children, worshiped their husb ands, and esteemed it a holy privilege to efface themselves as individuals and grow wings as ministering angels.- Kate Chopin, The Awakening The voice of the sea is seductive; never ceasing, whispering, clearing, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander for a spell in the abysses of solitude; to lose itself in mazes of inward contemplation. The voice of the sea speaks to the soul. The touch of the sea is sensuous, enfolding the body in its soft, close embrace.- Kate Chopin, The AwakeningHer marriage to Leonce Pontellier was purely an accident, in this respect resembling many other marriages which masquerade as the decrees of Fate. It was in the midst of her secret great passion that she met him. He fell in love, as men are in the habit of doing, and pressed his suit with an earnestness and ardor which left nothing to be desired.- Kate Chopin, The AwakeningA feeling of exultation overtook her as if some power of significant import had been given her to control the working of her body and her soul. She grew daring and reckless, overestimating her strength. She wanted to swim far out, where no woman had swum before.- Kate Chop in, The Awakening That she was seeing with different eyes and making the acquaintance of new conditions in herself that colored and changed her environment, she did not yet suspect.- Kate Chopin, The AwakeningThe past was nothing to her; offered no lesson which she was willing to heed. The future was a mystery which she never attempted to penetrate. The present alone was significant...- Kate Chopin, The AwakeningI would give up the unessential; I would give my money, I would give my life for my children, but I wouldnt give myself. I cant make it more clear; its only something which I am beginning to comprehend, which is revealing itself to me.- Kate Chopin, The AwakeningShe was seeking herself and finding herself in just such sweet, half-darkness which met her moods. But the voices were not soothing that came to her from the darkness and the sky above and the stars. They jeered and sounded mournful notes without promise, devoid even of hope.- Kate Chopin, The AwakeningIt sometimes entered Mr. Pontelli ers mind to wonder if his wife were not growing a little unbalanced mentally. He could see plainly that she was not herself. That is, he could not see that she was becoming herself and daily casting aside that fictitious self which we would assume like a garment with which to appear before the world.- Kate Chopin, The Awakening Woman, my dear friend, is a very peculiar and delicate organisma sensitive and highly organized woman, such as I know Mrs. Pontellier to be is especially peculiar. It would require an inspired psychologist to deal successfully with them. And when ordinary fellows like you and me attempt to cope with their idiosyncrasies the result is bungling. Most women are moody and whimsical. This is some passing whim of your wife, due to some cause or cause which you and I neednt try to fathom.- Kate Chopin, The AwakeningHer husband seemed to her now like a person whom she had married without love as an excuse.- Kate Chopin, The AwakeningThere was something in her attitude, in her whole appearance when she leaned her head against the high-backed chair and spread her arms, which suggested the regal woman, the one who rules, who looks on, who stands alone.- Kate Chopin, The AwakeningThe water of the Gulf stretched out before her, gleaming with the million lights of the sun. The voice of the sea is seductive, never ceasing, whispering, clamoring, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander in abysses of solitude. All along the white beach, up and down, there was no living thing in sight. A bird with a broken wing was beating the air above, reeling, fluttering, circling disabled down, down to the water.- Kate Chopin, The Awakening She looked into the distance, and the old terror flamed up for an instant, then sank again.- Kate Chopin, The Awakening Study Guide Review: The AwakeningComplete Text - The AwakeningQuotesQuestions for Study DiscussionKate Chopin - ProfileAwakening Books and Editions

Contemporary issue related to a sociological theory Term Paper

Contemporary issue related to a sociological theory - Term Paper Example The society is made of individuals and the cultural and societal norms is based on the shared meanings and understanding of the individuals within the society. This indicates that the shared meanings create the values placed on objects that society purchases and consumes. This also directs the consumer behavior, by which the private owners take advantage of, monopolizing the production and the market for certain products, like cellular phones or internet connection. Marx’s theory of commodity fetishism explains how products are given their values, how it affects the structure of capitalism and how these values and the exchange of value affects the social structure existing in the society. Fetishism is defined as an unusual display of devotion or intense attachment towards a certain object believing that it possesses extraordinary abilities and power (Morrison, 2006). Marx argues that individuals tend to fixate on objects believing that they have inherent value, something that is extraordinarily powerful. This makes the object valuable, according to the value the society placed on it. Capitalism is seen to promote the values of objects according to the group that owns the means of production. The value of each product or service is based on how capitalist see the product’s value and how the masses would accept the product. One good example for this is when the sms became a worldwide phenomena. Aside from the benefits and features along with it, everybody was going gaga over texting. Everything has its price and value, but in a sociological approach such as marking strategies, these capitalists create the want and the need of their products in the market. By attacking the market in a psychological manner creating the want, the value of a service and product will be set by these capitalist. This is an advanced strategy in business. In addition to that,

A SWOT analysis explores the relationship between the environmental Essay

A SWOT analysis explores the relationship between the environmental influences and the strategic capabilities of an organisation - Essay Example Critically speaking, it is a fact that an internal strategic capability analysis puts the entire focus on the way the environment gets in contact with the product that is marketed under the aegis of an organization. The direct link with the competitors is always apparent in the case of one such analysis. However, what is most important here is that the product is compared against its own basis nonetheless. The manner in which the link between the environmental influences and the strategic capabilities of an organization is made clear is something that brings sanity within the realms of an organization. It puts the basis right of many an undertakings within the business enterprise and tells the senior management where they are going wrong and what corrective steps need to be taken under their aegis (Devane, 2007). Therefore a SWOT analysis is a good enough beginning for finding out where the product is at a particular period in time. It finds out where it will be in a given time as we ll. This is important because the product within the aegis of an organization is moving from one position to another, and discerning new avenues of growth and development all this while. This consistent race to reach the coveted top position within the industrial settings ensure that the product will bring in new standards and advancements to make sure success comes about in full circle (Richter, 2009). The SWOT analysis would eventually be the difference between how things are being managed and how these shall be taken care of in the coming days. It is of fundamental significance to realize the gravity of the situation at hand because the SWOT analysis presents a clear cut picture of where the strengths and weaknesses lie within the internal realms and how the opportunities can be cashed upon and the threats be reduced to larger proportions. The entire understanding of the SWOT analysis emanates from finding out where the organizations are being handled properly and where they are losing ground on most of the occasions. However it is always a difficult proposition to begin with and it is imperative to know how the product under the realms of an organization aims to determine its strong points and the problems that lie close to its own basis. In keeping with this discussion, this paper tries to establish the link between the environmental influences and the strategic abilities and capabilities so that a better understanding of the product and indeed the organization is made in the long range scheme of things. Essentially the use of the Porter’s Five Forces Model suggests that success could only be achieved within the SWOT analysis if proper efforts and undertakings are incorporated within it. This would mean that the new entrants are tapped, their threats are analyzed and foreseen and the required steps are taken beforehand to thwart any hiccups that may so arise at a later point in time. The Porter’s Five Forces Model is indicative of the fact t hat the SWOT analysis will be done in an effective and efficient manner. It highlights the exact ways and means through which different threats are analyzed and thus countered with the passage of time (see Appendix 1). These five forces surround the discussion of the new entrants which could come about at any

Analysing Sport & Events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysing Sport & Events - Essay Example Finally, it provides a detailed examination of the key findings in each article and evaluates the findings whether they agree and the implications of such findings. The articles cover broadly the importance roles played by sponsorship as an activity for the firms to gain and develop the sustainable relative advantage in the target market and provide the theoretical framework based on the sports sponsorship. Amis, Pant, and Slack provide a theoretical framework for understanding the idea of the sport sponsorship; they explain the application of the sponsorship approach and demonstrates the insight illustrated cases that are used to identify the salient facts and the characteristic that are in agreement. The central concepts that are discussed are heterogeneity, imperfect imitability, imperfect mobility, ex-ante limits to competition and their application of the framework to examine the major sponsorships (Amis, Pant & Slack, 1997). In addition, exponential growth accruals, development of sponsorship-linked marketing and RBV of the firm (Fahy, Ferrelly & Quester, 2004) and sponsorship as a resource as well as distinctive competencies ( Amis, Slack & Berrett, 1999). The insubstantial nature of the sponsorship value which emphasize on the ability to generate importance from the relationship in terms of management of the sponsorship (Farrelly, Quester &Buron , 2006). Heterogeneity occurs when the high numbers and the combination of the resources that are at the disposal of the firms render exact replication of the available resources. Besides that, it occurs in the case in which the firms use the differing routines and procedural steps to carry and perform the same task basing their direct consequences on the unique histories that dictate them to institutionalize. This allows particular organizations to produce the same products and the services at a relatively lower cost as compared to others that produce the same products and services

Effect of Politics on Health Care Policies

Effect of Politics on Health Care Policies How Have Political Ideologies Helped to Shape Policy in the Healthcare Arena Introduction During the late 19th and early 20th Centuries welfare and the provision of healthcare was dominated largely by a laissez-faire approach. Many people in Britain lived in impoverished and unsanitary conditions. By the time of the Boer War (1899-1902) nearly a third of all troops suffered from malnutrition and they were judged unfit to serve. This information was used by social reformers as evidence that Government ought to provide health and welfare services that were an improvement on those which existed at the time (Moore, 2002). Since then policy making has been shaped by the ideology of the Government that is in power. Different ideologies are associated with different political parties, the ones referred to in this paper are associated with Liberal and Labour Governments, Tory Government and New Labour. The ideological underpinnings of these political parties are respectively, social democratic, new right thinking and the third way. This paper will attempt to show how such ideolog ies have helped to shape policy in healthcare, beginning with social democratic policies which produced the 1942 Beveridge Report and laid the foundations for the British welfare state (Walsh et al, 2000). Post-War Social Democracy Social democracy is made up of a number of different strands but its policies are most closely associated with Labour Governments but is often subscribed to by most Liberal Democrats and some Tories. The Post-War Labour Government saw the Welfare State as central to society and one of the things that promoted social cohesion. Thus the ideologies of post-war Labour Governments are the basis of the British Welfare State (Giddens, 2001). The post-war Labour Government believed in universal welfare provision, where a high standard of welfare is available to all those who need them. This system results in what is known as an institutional model of welfare. Central to this approach is an understanding of healthcare as of a high standard, comprehensive, and available to all. Giddens (2001) notes that this kind of provision was based on the ideas of the economist John Milton Keynes and meant that Government was involved at all levels of people’s lives. The post-war welfare state was formed on an understanding that there would be full employment. The 1942 Beveridge Report recommended the introduction of a system of National Assurance. Under this system everyone paid a part of what they earned to the Government and theoretically this would finance the welfare benefits they obtained. The National Health Service grew out of the publishing of by In 1946 Anuerin Bevan introduced a National Health Services Bill from which grew the National Health Service. Underlying this was the idea that healthcare and hospitalisation would be provided free at the point of access. The National Health Service, which was established in 1948, became the envy of the Western world as people received free primary care from their local GP, free medicine, free eye and dental care and free hospitalisation. By the 1950s however, it was becoming impossible to sustain a completely free service and the Government were forced to introduce some charges for prescription s, spectacles and dentistry. This was largely due to the fact that the demand for healthcare exceeded Government resources to pay for it. The NHS lurched from one financial crisis to the next because the demands on it were so great (Walsh et al, 2000). Moore (2002) maintains that until the late 1970s British social policy was dominated by this approach which opposed radical change and believed that the best way to achieve a more just an equal society was over a period of time. However, the post-war government had not envisioned rising unemployment and reduced tax revenues. The Social Democratic approach has been criticised as being paternalistic and elitist, telling people that the state knows what is best for them. This approach has also been accused of creating a dependency culture rather than allowing people to think for themselves. This was a central argument of the New Right. The New Right Approach The Tory Government that was voted into office in 1979 argued that under the previous Government state services had become oppressive and inefficient. New Right thinking lay behind the Government’s policies, which in turn influenced its critique of Social Democratic policies and the welfare state. New Right approaches emphasise the role of the private sector in service provision. The incoming Government was concerned with the spiralling costs of welfare, particularly the health service, and the fact that people relied to heavily on Government services. Universal provision had created a nanny state a welfare dependency. Thatcher argued that it was preferable to provide services through the market, through charity, or through family members. Personal responsibility and self-reliance were the core values promoted by the Tories. The New Right Approach concentrated on lifestyle and its physical and mental effects thereby placing responsibility for the state of an individual’ s health on their own shoulders (Giddens, 2001). The new Government introduced market principles into the health service. Instead of doctors and patients, the term healthcare providers and clients were introduced. In theory this was supposed to give people more choice over the type of care they received, in practice it was a roll back of services. Stiglitz (2002) maintains that rather than increasing user choice the system actually gave the Government more control over people’s lives and allowed them to monitor take up of services to cut costs. In order to control spending on health competing NHS Trusts were introduced. This meant the growth of a two tier system within the Health Service and the introduction of private care (Walsh et al, 2000). The Conservatives also began a process of deinstitutionalisation, closing geriatric wards and psychiatric hospitals, discharging people into the community. In 1990 the Community Care Act was introduced. Means and Smith (1994) have argued that this Act did anything but care, †¦the term community thus enables the continuous construction of an idyllic past of plenty and social harmony which acts as an immanent critique of contemporary social relations. Thus the call by politicians and policy makers to replace present systems of provision with community care feeds into this myth by implying that it is possible to recreate what many believe were the harmonious, caring and integrated communities of the past (Means and Smith, 1994:5). The New Right approach to policy making has been criticised at a number of levels and some research studies e.g. Howarth (1999) found that since 1991 the mortality rates in some local authority areas have risen by 40% and are thus significantly higher than the national average. When New Labour came to power they continued the critiques of welfare dependency and introduced further reforms. Their approach is not yet fully developed but is known as the Third Way. The Third Way Approach Dean (2003) maintains that when New Labour came to power in 1997 they did not break with New Right approaches. Blair maintained that they were offering a third way, that broke with the old left and agreed with some of the Conservative policies. New Labour ministers have argued that new policies are needed to cope with poverty and inequality and to improve education and health. Blair’s Government argue that the state cannot provide everything and people need to be ready to help themselves more. The Government will however, provide funding and opportunities for people to help themselves. New Labour have continued using market principles in healthcare and have introduced a system which accounts for the number of cases that a hospital trust deals with. Its healthcare policies also involve using the private health system to cope with the overflow work that comes from the NHS (Moore, 2002). New Labour still hold to the view that the introduction of market principles into the healthc are system will result in greater efficiency and better care. Critics have argued that the inequalities under the Conservatives have continued under New Labour and there is now a postcode lottery within healthcare i.e. where a person lives determines the amount and quality of healthcare that they receive. In response to this the Government set up Health Action Zones in 1998. By 1999 these were focussed on underprivileged areas where the health of the population was thought to be particularly poor. Health Action Zones are based on the principle of inter-agency working i.e. health is not simply a matter for the NHS, voluntary organisations, GPs and housing and social services all play a part in promoting health. The Government also introduced NHS Direct, a telephone help service that people can contact when they are not clear what to do about a health problem. In some areas there are walk in health centres staffed by nurses, they deal with minor health problems and take some of the load off of AE departments. (Moore, 2002). Some critics argue tha t Third Way policies benefit the better off at the expense of the poorer members of society.(Alcock, 1997)..It is also argued that Third Way polices are not sufficiently though through and therefore appear indistinct. Conclusion This paper has looked at the ways in which political ideology shapes policy making. It has focussed on policy making in health because this is still a hotly debated topic in both the media and in the public arena at large. Social democrats believe in universal welfare provision but the idea is based on full employment and that is no longer a viable concept. New Right thinking is against such total provision and believes that individuals need to be more self-reliant. Third Way policies use a combination of approaches but in practice much of the policy making is virtually indistinguishable from that of the New Right. Clearly these ideologies do have an effect on policy making, but more importantly they have an effect on the lives of British people. While there were many weaknesses in the Social Democratic approach it seems to be the general view that health services have deteriorated considerably with changing ideologies. 1600 words References Alcock, P. 1994 â€Å"Back to the Future: Victorian Values for the 21st Century† in Murray, C. 1994 Underclass: The Crisis Deepens London, IEA Dean, H. 2003 â€Å"The Third Way and social welfare: the myth of post-emotionalism† Social Policy and Administration Vol 7 Issue 7 p.695 Giddens, 2001. 4th ed. Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press Howarth, C. 1999 Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion 1999 York, Joseph Rowntree Foundation Marsh, Keating and Eyre et al 2000 2nd ed. Sociology: Making Sense of Society Essex, Pearson Education Means, R. and Smith, R. 1994 Community Care, Policy and Practice London, Macmillan Moore, S. Scourfield, P. Sinclair, S. Burch, S. and Wendon, B. 3rd ed. 2002 Social Welfare Alive Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes. Stiglitz, J. 2002 Globalisation and Its Discontents New York and London: WW Norton Company Walsh, I ed. 2000 Sociology: Making Sense of Society. Edinburgh, Prentice Hall.

My Problem With Standards: Implementing Group Work in the Non-Traditional Enlish Classroom :: Learning Teaching Essays

My Problem With Standards: Implementing Group Work in the Non-Traditional Enlish Classroom This experience opened my eyes. I learned a lot, and my ideas and ideals have changed since I completed the first part of this project. As a student teacher in a vocational program, academics were not the priority of these studentsà ³their specialties and there outside jobs were. At first, I found this challenging in a negative way; but gradually, I saw possibilities. The biggest challenge that I saw as far as my inquiry project went lay in how I would implement all of the research that I had done on à ¬ how great group work is all around.à ® Mainly this was due to the fact that I approached this topic with a very idealistic, wide-ranging view. The first part of this project was very much a à ¬head knowledge/research approvedà ® paper. As I read over it now, I could not possibly have had a lot of hard ideas on how I could actually implement ità ³and even if I did, I doubt that would have profited me. As I entered my class eight weeks ago, I had all of those wonderful ideals of collaborative learning before meà ³it is what I wanted to see. But, as my grandmother always told me when I was little (and occasionally now), à ¬I want doesnà ­t get.à ® I see now that if all of my ideals had come easily to me in this experience, I wouldnà ­t have learned a thing, and I definitely wouldnà ­t have learned how to deal with the personality types and the needs of the students that I had. The class itself was within a non-hostile environment for the most part. The students were used to having too much autonomy, and thus my research statistic of à ¬70-90% teacher talk in most classroomsà ® was put out of touch. The problem consisted in not only the studentà ­s having control of the class, but the fact that they had plenty of oral language abilities, and there was no need for me to try and develop them. These seniors had been working on one assignment since the beginning of the year, and they were tired of looking at it. Having said that, 80% of the students only had three, pencil corrected pages to show for a yearà ­s worth of work. All of them were not responsive to correction. After my four weeks of observation, I was doubtful that these kids would do any learning, much less group learning, at all.